Chronotech

First edition · Atlas

Chronotech

An illustrated encyclopedia of outstanding technologies — from stone flakes to silicon — written for students from thirteen to twenty-two. Scan the timeline. Open a volume. Read the lead; open “How it works” if you need the mechanism.

Plates of the first edition

Every picture in this atlas is an original copperplate still-life drawn for Chronotech — not a museum photograph, not a copyrighted portrait.

Seven volumes

Who turned the wheel

Inventors

Technology is not only machines. It is people who noticed, argued, failed, and taught. This volume is a first-edition gallery of outstanding inventors and scientists — East and West — whose work still sits under later tools.

Master timeline

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I MechanicsII ElectronicsIII AutomobilesIV ChemicalsV SemiconductorsVI CommunicationsVII Transportation3.3 mya3000 BCE1 CE1750190019502000nowStone toolsc. 3.3 million years ago — Stone toolsControlled firec. 1.5 million years ago — Controlled fireWheel and axlec. 3500 BCE — Wheel and axlec. 260 BCE (described) — Lever, pulley, and screwWritingc. 3200 BCE — Writingc. 3300 BCE — Bronze smeltingIron and steelc. 1200 BCE (iron); 1856 (Bessemer steel) — Iron and steel1856 — Bessemer converterPaper105 CE (imperial report); earlier Chinese use — PaperSail and hullby 3000 BCE — Sail and hullc. 9th century — Gunpowderc. 8th–9th century (mature stills) — Distillation984 (Pound lock, China); later Europe — Canal locklate 13th century — Mechanical clockMovable-type printingc. 1040 (Bi Sheng); 1450s (Gutenberg) — Movable-type printingSteam engine1765 (Watt’s separate condenser) — Steam enginec. 1798–1820s — Interchangeable partsVoltaic pile1800 — Voltaic pile1807 (Clermont service) — SteamshipPublic railway1825 (Stockton & Darlington) — Public railway1831 (Faraday); commercial dynamos 1870s — DynamoElectric telegraph1837–1844 — Electric telegraph1856 — Synthetic dye (mauveine)Internal combustion engine1876 (Otto four-stroke) — Internal combustion engine1876 — Telephone1878–1879 (Swan and Edison practical lamps) — Electric light1886 — Benz Motorwagen1888 — Pneumatic tireRadio1895–1906 — RadioWright Flyer1903 — Wright Flyer1904 (Fleming valve); 1906 (De Forest triode) — Vacuum tube1907 — Bakelite1908 (car); 1913 (moving line) — Ford Model THaber–Bosch ammonia1909 (Haber); 1913 (Bosch industrial) — Haber–Bosch ammonia1912 — Electric starterMoving assembly line1913 — Moving assembly line1927 (Farnsworth); 1930s broadcasts — Electronic television1935 (British Chain Home era) — RadarJet engine1937 (Whittle run); 1939 (von Ohain flight) — Jet engine1940s (industrial fermentation) — Penicillin production1940s (Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester) — Electronic digital computerTransistor1947 — TransistorContainerization1956 — Containerization1958–1959 — Integrated circuit1958 (Boeing 707; Comet earlier, then grounded) — Jet airlinerMOSFET1959 — MOSFET1961 (Unimate on a GM line) — Industrial robot1960s (planar process) — Photolithography1965 — Moore’s observationPacket internet1969 (ARPANET); 1983 (TCP/IP cutover) — Packet internetMicroprocessor1971 (Intel 4004) — Microprocessor1975 (U.S. auto mandate era) — Catalytic converter1970s–1980s — ABS and airbagWorld Wide Web1989 (proposal); 1991 (public) — World Wide WebLithium-ion battery1991 (Sony commercial cell) — Lithium-ion batteryGPS as a system1995 (full operational capability) — GPS as a system1990s — CMOS image sensor1997 (Prius); 2012 (mass-luxury EV landmark) — Hybrid and EV platforms1999 (GeForce 256); 2012 (AlexNet moment) — GPU and acceleratorsSmartphone2007 (iPhone as mass template) — Smartphone2015 (first orbital-class booster landing) — Reusable orbital rocket

Time is stretched after 1750 so later centuries are readable. Node size marks editorial impact, not a score.

Landmark of the edition

1947

Transistor

In December 1947 three researchers at Bell Labs built a small sandwich of germanium that could switch and amplify a signal without a glowing glass tube. That part — the transistor — is why radios, computers, and phones could shrink from furniture to a pocket. It needs no heater, fails less often, and can later be printed by the billion on one chip.

Read the article

Transistor

Must-know nodes

  1. Stone tools
    c. 3.3 million years agoStone tools
  2. Controlled fire
    c. 1.5 million years agoControlled fire
  3. Wheel and axle
    c. 3500 BCEWheel and axle
  4. Writing
    c. 3200 BCEWriting
  5. Paper
    105 CE (imperial report); earlier Chinese usePaper
  6. Movable-type printing
    c. 1040 (Bi Sheng); 1450s (Gutenberg)Movable-type printing
  7. Steam engine
    1765 (Watt’s separate condenser)Steam engine
  8. Electric telegraph
    1837–1844Electric telegraph
  9. Telephone
    1876Telephone
  10. Electric light
    1878–1879 (Swan and Edison practical lamps)Electric light
  11. Internal combustion engine
    1876 (Otto four-stroke)Internal combustion engine
  12. Wright Flyer
    1903Wright Flyer
  13. Transistor
    1947Transistor
  14. Integrated circuit
    1958–1959Integrated circuit
  15. Packet internet
    1969 (ARPANET); 1983 (TCP/IP cutover)Packet internet
  16. World Wide Web
    1989 (proposal); 1991 (public)World Wide Web
  17. GPS as a system
    1995 (full operational capability)GPS as a system
  18. Smartphone
    2007 (iPhone as mass template)Smartphone